Gustav Theodor Fechner,Ψυχοφυσική

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Γερμανός φυσικός και φιλόσοφος (1801-87),ένας από τους κύριους ιδρυτές της ψυχοφυσικής της επιστήμης,η οποία έχει ως αντικείμενο τον καθορισμό των ποσοτικών σχέσεων ανάμεσα στις αισθήσεις και στα ερεθίσματα που τις ενεργοποιούν.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Fechner
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Επηρεασμένος από τον Γερμανό φιλόσοφο Χέρμπερτ,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Helmholtz
ο Φέχνερ πίστευε ότι :
ο θεός είναι για τον κόσμο ό,τι και η ψυχή για το σώμα και ό,τι
οι ατομικές ψυχές είναι μέρος της θείας ψυχής.
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Τις ιδέες του αυτές αναπτύσσει λεπτομερώς στο έργο του με τίτλο ΖΕΝΤ ΑΒΕΣΤΑ ή ΠΕΡΙ ΠΡΑΓΜΑΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΟΥΡΑΝΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΥ ΥΠΕΡΠΕΡΑΝ,1851,το οποίο περιλαμβάνει και τις βασικές αρχές της ψυχοφυσικής.
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Στο έργο του ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΨΥΧΟΦΥΣΙΚΗΣ,1860,αποκαλύπτεται η σημαντική συμβολή του στον τομέα της ψυχολογίας.
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Fechner/
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Θεωρεί ότι το πνεύμα και το σώμα,αν και φαίνονται ως ξεχωριστές οντότητες,είναι στην ουσία δύο διαφορετικές όψεις της ίδιας πραγματικότητας.
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Διατύπωσε ένα νόμο για την υποστήριξη της θεωρίας της ''μόλις αντιληπτής διαφοράς'',
η οποία είχε διατυπωθεί νωρίτερα από τον Γερμανό φυσιολόγο Βέμπερ.
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(Fechner's epoch-making work was his Elemente der Psychophysik (1860). He starts from the monistic thought that bodily facts and conscious facts, though not reducible one to the other, are different sides of one reality. His originality lies in trying to discover an exact mathematical relation between them. The most famous outcome of his inquiries is the law known as the Weber–Fechner law which may be expressed as follows:
"In order that the intensity of a sensation may increase in arithmetical progression, the stimulus must increase in geometrical progression'')
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Η θεωρία αυτή αναφέρεται στον καθορισμό της ελάχιστης διαφοράς που γίνεται αντιληπτή ανάμεσα σε δύο όμοια ερεθίσματα.
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(Psychophysicists usually employ experimental stimuli that can be objectively measured, such as pure tones varying in intensity, or lights varying in luminance. All the senses have been studied: vision, hearing, touch (including skin and enteric perception), taste, smell, and the sense of time. Regardless of the sensory domain, there are three main areas of investigation: absolute thresholds, discrimination thresholds, and scaling.
A threshold (or limen), is the point of intensity at which the participant can just detect the presence of, or difference in, a stimulus. Stimuli with intensities below the threshold are considered not detectable (hence: sub-liminal). Stimuli at values close enough to a threshold will often be detectable some proportion of the time; therefore, a threshold is considered to be the point at which a stimulus, or change in a stimulus, is detected some proportion p of the time. There are two kinds of thresholds: absolute[9] and difference.[6])
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychophysics
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http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~isp/isp/history/explanation.htm
Psychophysics is commonly defined as the quantitative branch of the study of perception, examining the relations between observed stimuli and responses and the reasons for those relations. This is, however, a very narrow view of the influence it has had on much of psychology. Since its inception, psychophysics has been based on the assumption that the human perceptual system is a measureing instrument yielding results (experiences, judgments, responses) that may be systematically analyzed. Because of its long history (over 140 years), its experimental methods, data analyses, and models of underlying perceptual and cognitive processes have reached a high level of refinement. For this reason, many techniques originally developed in psychophysics have been used to unravel problems in learning, memory, attitude measurement, and social psychology. In addition, scaling and measurement theory have adapted these methods and models to analyze decision making in contexts entirely divorced from perception."
'Psychophysical Methods' by Walter Ehrenstein and Addie Ehrenstein gives a description of Fechner’s techniques and details those extensions and modifications of psychophysical methods that may be helpful to the modern neuroscientist (opens in PDF format).
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