Garden cultural heritage spatial functionalities: The case of anamorphosis abscondita at Vaux-le-Vicomte
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 19 September 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Mihailo Grbić, Aleksandar Čučaković, Biljana Jović, Miloš TripkovićThis paper analyzes the phenomenon of spatial functionalities for garden cultural heritage design and the relationships between the sizes of the sections and elements of the baroque garden of Vaux-le-Vicomte and the specific visual phenomenon, anamorphosis abscondita, that was used in the design of this garden. The interpretation of the optical illusions in the garden of Vaux-le-Vicomte was achieved by using geometrical analysis of the rules of linear perspective. The anamorphosis abscondita was examined through the viewpoints of the garden using the ground plan and longitudinal section of the garden, photographs and a virtual 3D model. The visual impression of the phenomenon anamorphosis abscondita formed in the eye of the observer, in relation to the reality of the garden, is confirmed through the geometrical analysis. Anamorphosis abscondita introduces a compulsory perceptual path to the observer of the garden. This pattern of deformation in certain parts of the garden creates in the viewer's eye a sense of infinity in space. The 3D scene of the garden is characterised by a large amount of spatial and visual information, which is located at different distances from the observer. The quality of visual information in such a space leads to a change of the object of interest. Perspectives and optical illusions influence the design of the garden at Vaux-le-Vicomte, and the terraces and axes of symmetry are important tools in its spatial organization. The axis of symmetry contributes to the clarity, depth and order of composition. The parameters that influence the phenomenon of anamorphosis (distortion): the height of the eye point and the distance both affect the visual illusion of the change in size (depth of scene). Iron patinas on alabaster surfaces (Santa Maria de Poblet Monastery, Tarragona, NE Spain)
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 18 September 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Meritxell Beltran, Elisabet Playà, Montserrat Artigau, Pau Arroyo, Ander GuineaAlabaster is a white and pure gypsum rock classically used in sculptures or for ornamental purposes, but its characteristic white colour is sometimes masked by the development of noticeable reddish stains over the surface of the rock. The main altarpiece of the Santa Maria de Poblet monastery (Tarragona, NE Spain; 16th century, Damià Forment) is the focus of this study. Red-to-ochre patinas with diameters of 2–20 cm are found on the alabaster surface of this altarpiece. The origin of such patinas are discussed, as they are the result of degradation processes of minerals present in alabaster rocks, contrary to what happens in the formation of most patinas. The patinas consist of two differentiated layers that may occur occasionally mixed. The Lower Layer contains iron compounds, which have precipitated around the gypsum crystals of the rocky support and have provided the characteristic red-to-ochre colour to the surface of the altarpiece. The formation of this layer was driven by the (bio)oxidation of the pyrite, which is disseminated over the alabaster surface. The formation of this film of iron-rich particles was conducted by a series of destructive and penetrative processes, promoting disaggregation and crystal reduction (mechanical and/or by dissolution) of the matrix minerals (gypsum, celestite, barite, calcite-dolomite…). The Upper Layer was grown by means of constructive (agglutination of particles by accretion) and destructive (destruction of the alabaster matrix and incorporation into the Lower Layer) mixed processes. Thus, the presence of small crystals (1–10 μm) of gypsum, quartz, calcite, celestite, barite, clay minerals and pyrite in this upper patina are mainly related to the residual products of the alabaster rocks. Moreover, some of the calcite, quartz and clay particles could also be considered atmospheric dust. Oxalates (weddellite and whewellite), portlandite and coal particles are not related to the formation of iron-rich patinas. Such studied patinas might date from the 19th century due to the partial destruction of the monastery after the approval of the Law of Confiscation of Religious Properties in Spain (1835) and no later than the end of the ninetieth century, when the monastery was abandoned. The entry of rainwater and presence of humidity inside the monastery would promote the pyrite oxidation processes. Currently the patinas seem to be stabilized, the pyrites are no longer in contact with water, which is needed for oxidation. Alternative methodology for traditional interventions: A colonial painting and its lining with the nap bond method
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 14 September 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Ana Morales, Damasia Gallegos, Gabriela Siracusano, Agustina Rodriguez Romero, Fernando MarteLining treatments used in the conservation-restoration field can be classified according to the adhesive used. Traditional methods include those based on glue-starch and wax-resin whilst those using synthetic adhesives are considered alternative methods. Rise of new materials and mechanical equipment like the low-pressure table expanded possibilities of intervention. However, alternative methods require previous exhaustive testing of procedures, tools and supplies. This paper describes research carried out by an interdisciplinary team of conservators, historians and chemists from the IIPC-TAREA that elucidated fundamental aspects of a painting of San Luis Gonzaga from the South American colonial period, deteriorated but with an important documentary value. In the case here presented a minimal intervention restoration criterion was applied and the nap bond method used proved to be the most suitable alternative lining for this particular situation. Scientific analysis of Japanese ornamental adhesives found in Shosoin treasures stored since the mid-eighth century
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 12 September 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Rikiya Nakamura, Masakazu NaruseShosoin treasures, stored in Japan continuously since the mid-eighth century, represent an important collection of beautifully decorated housing artworks made by gluing a variety of ornaments such as marquetry, metal, crystal, pearl, and amber. The ornamental adhesives used in the treasures were scientifically characterized by nondestructive methods such as attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FTIR) and X-ray analyses. FTIR spectroscopy was applied to the fragments of the following treasures: a red sandalwood armrest with marquetry decorations dedicated to Great Buddha of the Todaiji temple by Empress Komyo (701–760 AD), two biwa lutes with marquetry decoration, and the imperial ceremonial headdresses of Emperor Shomu (701–756 AD), Empress Komyo and Empress Koken (718–770 AD). Second-derivative transformation of the FTIR spectra identified the adhesives on the marquetry fragments as animal glue. The adhesives on the fragments of metal, crystal, pearl, and amber ornaments from the headdresses were identified as frankincense according to their IR absorbance and the second-derivative spectra. X-ray diffraction experiments and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry of the adhesives on the fragments of metal, crystal and pearl indicated that orpiment (As2 S3 ) was mixed with the adhesives.The preservation value of the Bangudae Petroglyphs, the 285th Korean National Treasure
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 9 September 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Hyo-Yeon Choi, Seung-Jun Kwak, Seung-Hoon YooThis study attempts to assess the economic benefit of preserving the Bangudae Petroglyphs (BP), which is suffering from repetitive submersions by the Sayeon reservoir, a source of the municipal water for Ulsan, Korea. To this end, the contingent valuation (CV) method is applied. Specifically, a combination of one-and-one-half-bound dichotomous choice model and spike model is used to reduce the potential for response bias while maintaining much of its efficiency, and to deal with the zero willingness to pay (WTP) data. Moreover, we consider the scale parameter in the CV model to reflect the geographical heterogeneity between Ulsan area and other Korean areas. The annual mean WTPs per household for the two areas were estimated to be KRW 988 (USD 0.84) and KRW 1833 (USD 1.55), respectively. Hygroscopic properties of PEG treated archaeological wood from the rampart of the 10th century stronghold as exposed in the Archaeological Reserve Genius loci in Poznań (Poland)
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 5 September 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Wiesław Olek, Jerzy Majka, Agnieszka Stempin, Mateusz Sikora, Magdalena ZborowskaThe archaeological wood from the rampart of the Poznań stronghold built in the 10th century was subjected to the investigations. The material was obtained during the excavations and conservation works of the earthen and wooden relicts. The archaeological wood, both untreated and treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), was characterized by determining adsorption and desorption isotherms, which were formed by GAB and GDW models. The anomalous increase of the equilibrium moisture content for air relative humidity values above 80% was found for the PEG treated wood. It was clearly presented that the safety of wood exposition strongly depends on the proper maintaining of air parameters. The mechanisms of the reduction of equilibrium moisture content and sorption hysteresis for the PEG treated wood were explained. It was not recommended to predict equilibrium moisture content values with the Hailwood-Horrobin model fitted to the sorption data collected by the US Forest Products Laboratory as it was not accounting for sorption hysteresis, decay of archaeological wood and the influence of the PEG treatment. Understanding the transport of nanolime consolidants within Maastricht limestone
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 4 September 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Giovanni Borsoi, Barbara Lubelli, Rob van Hees, Rosário Veiga, António Santos SilvaNovel nanomaterials, such as nanosilica or nano-titanium oxide, have been developed in the last decade for the conservation of the built heritage. Among nanomaterials, nanolimes have acquired a considerable relevance due to their potentialities as consolidant product. The so-called nanolimes , colloidal dispersions of calcium hydroxide nanoparticles in alcohols, have been successfully applied as pre-consolidants on frescos and paper, and their use has later been extended to plasters, renders and stone. Nanolimes have better potentialities compared to conventional inorganic consolidants based on limewater (e.g. faster carbonation rate and higher calcium hydroxide concentration). Moreover, nanolimes are considered more compatible with CaCO3 -based substrates than alkoxysilanes (e.g. TEOS), the most widely used consolidant products. Nanolimes can guarantee the recovery of the superficial cohesion of degraded materials. However, when a mass consolidation is required, like in the case of decayed stone, nanolimes show some limitations. One of the problems is caused by nanolime accumulation at or just beneath the surface of the treated material. In order to solve this problem, the transport mechanism of nanolime within porous materials, as stone or renders, should first be better understood. Commercial nanolimes were applied on Maastricht limestone, a high-porosity yellowish limestone, used in the Netherlands and Belgium as traditional building material. The absorption and drying behaviour of nanolime in this limestone was measured and nanolime deposition in the stone was studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that nanolime transport is strictly related to the properties of the solvent. The alcoholic solvent guarantees a stable dispersion that penetrates in depth in the material, but is partially back-transported to surface. The high volatility of the solvent and the high stability of the dispersion favour the partial back-migration of lime nanoparticles to the surface during drying.Morphological studies of menthol as a temporary consolidant for urgent conservation in archaeological field
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 3 September 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Xiangna Han, Xiao Huang, Bingjian ZhangMenthol, a natural organic compound from plant extract, due to its unique aromatic smell and cooling effect, has wide applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. By taking advantage of its volatile ability at room temperature, this compound has the potential to be used as a temporary consolidant in the field of art conservation. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of menthol as a temporary consolidant for urgent conservation in archaeological field, in this paper, laboratory investigations, such as menthol's penetration, consolidation efficacy and morphological changes during sublimation, are carried out on two kinds of organic and inorganic materials respectively, representing four types of fragile archaeological artifacts. In particular, the morphological changes of consolidated substrates during menthol sublimation process are systematically observed. The result shows that menthol's consolidation efficacy is strongly affected by the inherent nature of substrate to be treated. Menthol whisker growth on these substrates surfaces is observed, and a weak intermolecular hydrogen bond is formed between menthol and substrate, which is confirmed by the shift of hydroxyl group stretching bond in the IR spectrum. CV2 : Editorial board
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5The preservation of the chromatic image of historical cities as a cultural value. The old city of Valencia (Spain)
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Jorge Llopis, Ana Torres, Juan Serra, Ángela GarcíaUnderstanding the physical and material characteristics of our historical cities is essential for the preservation of their hereditary and cultural values. Beyond the historical logic of the urban scene and its functional nature, the city is sensed through the spaces, which it creates and configures. The spaces of the historical city represent the soul of its history and the final result of its development. Through the architectural configuration of these spaces, we can visualize the historical and vital logic that underlies the city, the heritage of the people and cultures that make it up. The Study for the Recovery of Urban Spaces in Valencia Historical Center is an interdisciplinary project of intervention in patrimonial architecture, aiming to recover the original image of spaces in the historical city center. This is a project started in 1995 and ended in 2013, which is formed by a series of activities in which both, the Polytechnic University of Valencia as a research institution and the public administrations involved in the processes of regeneration and restoration of the historic center, take part. The aim of the project has been the start-up of a dynamic restoration process of the city's historic urban centre and its landscape value. By combining scientific studies, tasks of awareness and sensitization of population, it aims to determine the formal and chromatic characteristics of original spaces that create the architecture of the city.Multidisciplinary, diachronic methodology for the conservation of archeological remains. Restoration of the Arab baths of the San Francisco Parador Hotel in the grounds of the Alhambra (Granada, Spain)
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Isabel Bestué Cardiel, María Lourdes Gutiérrez CarrilloThe renovation of the San Francisco de la Alhambra Parador hotel in Granada (Spain) involved preserving the archaeological remains of its Arab baths. The methodology included researching the history and documentary evidence of the baths, extensive archaeological excavation of the site with structural and stratigraphic analysis of the remains, characterisation of the materials used in its construction, detection of pathologies and an evaluation of the conservation strategy required. The multidisciplinary approach to archaeology has contributed new information about the structure of the baths and their evolution over time. This data has formed the basis of a project to restore the site that involved de-restoration and restoration of the baths and a critical analysis of the techniques used to restore it at various stages of its history. Our aim was to restore the baths as part of the Alhambra and Generalife complex in Granada. Public abattoirs in Spain: History, construction characteristics and the possibility of their reuse
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): José María Fuentes, María López-Sánchez, Ana Isabel García, Francisco AyugaDuring the final decades of the 19th century and first half of the 20th, over 2100 public abattoirs were built in Spain with the aim of improving the hygiene conditions associated with the processing of meat for human consumption, and to facilitate its marketing. Strict new health requirements that came into force in the 1970s, and the progressive substitution of public abattoirs by more modern, private, industrial-type slaughterhouses with larger handling capacities, gradually led to the closure and abandonment of these public buildings. This article traces the history of public abattoirs in Spain, examines their main architectural characteristics, and discusses the possibility of their reuse for new purposes. A specific survey on this typology of buildings, built between 1888 and 1930, has been carried out throughout the country (10 vacant abattoirs and 18 reused buildings) during the period 2008–2012. The paper provides ideas for the preservation of this interesting agro-industrial heritage and examines how some vacant abattoirs have found new uses as libraries, sports centres, exhibition centres, auditoria, museums, offices, restaurants and bird recovery centres, etc. Geometric analysis of the original stands of roman amphitheater in Tarragona: Method and results
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Felipe Buill, Maria Amparo Núñez-Andrés, Josep Maria Puche, Josep Maria MaciasDespite being a well-known monument, the Roman amphitheatre of Tarragona, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, was only fully studied in the late 1980s. The study was therefore subject to the archaeological research limitations and specific characteristics of that time, as can be seen in the quality of the site's planimetry. The general planimetry was basically available for relevant sections at a scale of 1:100 with sufficient accuracy. However, according to current scientific parameters, this planimetry is clearly inadequate, and cannot be used rigorously to obtain comprehensive architectural knowledge. The technical limitations of the time, and the innate difficulties presented by the monument, meant that only a few sections were obtained, specifically two, with a low level of detail. This has led to misinterpretations, and consequently to dubious or erroneous conclusions. Therefore, the need for complete metric documentation is evident, as this will enable us to correctly analyse the monument. We have obtained metric documentation by carrying out a topographic survey using digital photogrammetry, which provides us with more information than merely measurements. We can use the three-dimensional model that was generated to analyse the sections of the stands and draw conclusions about their geometry. Texture reconstruction of 3D sculpture using non-rigid transformation
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Fan Zhang, Xianfeng Huang, Wei Fang, Zhichao Zhang, Deren Li, Yixuan ZhuSculptures, one of the most important forms of cultural heritage, exist in numerous temples, towers and grottoes. The current generation of high precision 3D digital sculpture models is a primary reality-based modeling tool for digital documentation, archaeological research, virtual restoration, and digital exhibition. However, high precision texture mapping remains a challenge in high fidelity digital reconstruction of complex sculptures, especially in the areas of rich geometrical details. This paper proposes a method to texture mapping one image onto the sculpture model to deal with the mapping problem problems caused by the image distortion and the model deformation. Firstly, we use a rigid pinhole camera model to project the image onto the geometric model to acquire primary texture mapping, where direct linear transformation is employed to estimate the elements of exterior orientation of the texture image. Then, we propose a non-rigid transformation model, called weighted thin-plate spline (W-TPS), discuss the theoretical derivation and the establishment of the W-TPS function, and apply this model to adjust the primary texture mapping results. The proposed method can precisely project the image onto the geometrical model both globally and locally. We conduct three experiments to verify the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed method using the sculptures in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes in western China, which was inscribed on World Heritage List by UNESCO in 1987. A line scan camera-based structure from motion for high-resolution 3D reconstruction
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Pengchang Zhang, Toque Jay Arre, Ari Ide-EktessabiA line scan camera-based structure from motion method for high-resolution 3D reconstruction is proposed. The imaging model of a line scan camera is discussed to characterize the relationship between the coordinates of the physical object in space and the corresponding coordinates of its image taken by the scanner. A camera calibration framework based on such a system to estimate the intrinsic parameters and a set of extrinsic parameters along with recovering 3D shape of the object are addressed in detail for high-resolution 3D reconstruction with improved efficiency. The method was applied to the 3D reconstruction of 31 statues belonging to World Cultural Heritage Ninnaji Temple in Japan. Experimental results demonstrate the merit and effectiveness of this method to high-resolution digitization of cultural heritage. Using noise function-based patterns to enhance photogrammetric 3D reconstruction performance of featureless surfaces
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Anestis Koutsoudis, George Ioannakis, Blaž Vidmar, Fotis Arnaoutoglou, Christodoulos ChamzasOne of the factors that determine the data quality produced by targetless photogrammetric techniques is the feature richness of the surface being captured. The Structure-From-Motion andMultiple View Stereovision (SFM-MVS) pipeline is no exception to this rule as it relies on the ability to identify corresponding points within a collection of unordered images. In this work, we question the introduction ofnoise function-based pattern (NFP) projection in the SFM-MVS data collection phase in order to enhance the reconstruction performance when applied on featureless surfaces. We selected a set of NFPs and we demonstrate their reconstruction performance enhancement on a Cycladic figurine by using a commercial SFM-MVS software package. We quantify each NFP's behaviour in relation to the produced data. We correlate the reconstruction results with band limiting and aliasing pattern characteristics. We compare the SFM-MVS data with those produced by digitising the same artefact with a laser triangulation scanner. We discuss the NFPs performance along with the advantages of the proposed methodology and its limitations.Impact of urban sprawl to cultural heritage monuments: The case study of Paphos area in Cyprus
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Athos Agapiou, Dimitrios D. Alexakis, Vasiliki Lysandrou, Apostolos Sarris, Branka Cuca, Kyriacos Themistocleous, Diofantos G. HadjimitsisUrbanisation processes as a result of population growth, migration and infrastructure initiatives have a direct impact to cultural heritage sites. This paper aims to monitor growth dynamics of the urbanisation process that took place in the Paphos district, southwest Cyprus during the last decades, and evaluate its impact to monuments and archaeological sites. In this extensive area, several important archaeological sites and monuments are found, while some of them are also listed in the UNESCO catalogue of World Cultural Heritage sites. GIS and remote sensing techniques have been used in order to map the listed monuments in the Paphos District, as well as to record spatial and temporal land use changes since the 1980s. The spatial patterns of urban sprawl are studied and analysed using archive time series medium resolution Landsat ETM+ and TM satellite imagery. In addition, a DMSP-OLS night-ime image was also used. Several supervised and unsupervised classification algorithms have been evaluated and examined for this purpose. Additionally, Markov equation were applied in an attempt to predict future urban expansion The final outcomes revealed that a dramatic increase of the urban areas took place in the last years in Paphos district, and as a result significant pressure is expected on archaeological sites found in the peri-urban areas. Economic evaluation of urban heritage: An inclusive approach under a sustainability perspective
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Laurent Dalmas, Vincent Geronimi, Jean-François Noël, Jessy Tsang King SangThis paper proposes an operational analysis grid to evaluate the economic interest of rehabilitation or renovation projects linked to urban heritage. Monetary and non-monetary indicators are both useful for this evaluation. Developers currently view urban heritage as a resource for their field. This view has led the developers to estimate the economic value of urban heritage when standard tools of economic analysis, which only focus on use values, are unable to provide clear results. We advance an operational economic definition of urban heritage. Our definition of urban heritage is described as inclusive because it includes four series of interdependent economic, social, cultural and environmental elements. At the heart of the process of patrimonialisation is conservation and the transmission of heritage to future generations. As environmental economists advance an economic definition of sustainability, the definition of “strong sustainability” appears to be particularly relevant for the evaluation of urban heritage. Above certain thresholds, the four different dimensions of urban heritage are complementary, rather than substitutable, and the loss of one of these dimensions would be irreversible. We examine sustainability through the dynamics of accumulation in the four dimensions of urban heritage and conclude by identifying the thresholds and risks that might weigh on heritage rehabilitation or renovation projects.An integrated framework to assess complex cultural and natural heritage systems with Multi-Attribute Value Theory
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Valentina Ferretti, Elena CominoDecisions related to integrated cultural and natural heritage are increasingly complex due to the multiple-use nature of goods and services provided by the environment, the difficulty in monetary evaluation of intangible heritage and the involvement of a large number of stakeholders. Multiple perspectives are thus required to align social and ecological values to promote sustainable solutions for heritage management. In this context, multi-attribute value techniques can be used to synthesize stakeholder preferences because they can accommodate conflicting, multidimensional and incommensurable objectives. The present paper proposes an experimentation employing the Multi-Attribute Value Theory (MAVT), which is a specific Multicriteria Analysis technique, in the domain of collective decisions about public goods. The objective of the work is to provide an integrated framework for planning and design of future actions according to both qualitative and quantitative elements, in order to help and support landscape and urban planners, policy and decision-makers, land managers and public organizations to manage complex territorial systems characterized by multiple values. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first application of multi-attribute value techniques for dealing with intangible heritage characterized simultaneously by natural, cultural, ecological, historical and architectural values. The present contribution has thus an innovative and trans-disciplinary potential and may influence future applications referring to collective decisions about public goods. A new method for making artificially weathered stone specimens for testing of conservation treatments
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Barbara Lubelli, Rob P.J. van Hees, Timo G. Nijland, Jan BolhuisThe application of new consolidating products on the surface of weathered materials is a common intervention technique in conservation practice. Due to the difficulty of producing artificially weathered substrates in a reproducible way, the effect of consolidating products in laboratory is generally assessed on sound substrates. However, the properties of a weathered substrate largely differ from that of the original sound material; this might make the results of laboratory tests unreliable or hamper their interpretation. In this research, a new method for the production of weathered specimens in a reproducible way has been developed and validated on three types of limestone with different total porosity, pore size and petrographical characteristics: Maastricht, Savonnières and Euville. The aim was to develop a substrate on which the effectiveness, compatibility and durability of consolidating products can be tested in laboratory in a more reliable way than when using fresh stone. The method consists of grinding and sieving the stones in a grain size largely similar to that of the sound material and re-aggregating the particles by the use of air lime: a lean “mortar” is obtained which is applied as a layer on the sound stone to simulate the decayed surface of a material showing granular disintegration. The grain size and the binder to aggregate ratio are chosen in such a way as to reproduce those characteristics typical of weathered stones showing loss of cohesion (i.e. sanding or powdering): i.e. increased pore size and open porosity and lower cohesion and strength in comparison to the sound substrate. The properties of the obtained weathered substrates have been studied in comparison to that of the fresh stone: pore size and pore size distribution have been measured by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry; Polarized and Fluorescence Microscopy has been carried out to study the petrographical characteristics of the assemblage sound stone/re-aggregated layer; the water absorption behavior and hardness (by means of Drilling Resistance Measurement System, [DRMS]) have been measured as well. The results of the research show that with this method it is possible to obtain specimens reproducing the higher and coarser porosity and lower mechanical strength, typical of stones suffering loss of cohesion. Formulation and microstructural evaluation of tuff repair mortar
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Lidija Korat, Breda Mirtič, Ana Mladenovič, Alenka Mauko Pranjić, Sabina KramarThe purpose of this study was to develop a compatible repair mortar for two lithotypes of Peračica tuff (Slovenia): fine-grained and coarse-grained. Mineralogical–petrographic characterization of tuff was carried out via optical microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction, and the relevant physical–mechanical properties of tuff and repair mortars were determined: capillary water absorption, water absorption at atmospheric pressure, open porosity, compressive strength and resistance to salt crystallization. A repair mortar was prepared by mixing crushed Peračica tuff and quartz sand, with different grain size and mass ratios, and ethyl silicate (KSE 500 STE, Remmers) as a binder. The results showed that with an appropriate combination of crushed tuff, quartz sand and ethyl silicate, a compatible repair mortars can be obtained for both lithotypes. Electrochemical desalination of historic Portuguese tiles – Removal of chlorides, nitrates and sulfates
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Lisbeth M. Ottosen, Celia Dias-Ferreira, Alexandra B. RibeiroSoluble salts cause severe decay of historic Portuguese tiles. Treatment options for removal of the salts to stop the decay are few. The present paper deals with development of a method for electrochemical desalination, where an electric DC field is applied to the tiles. Laboratory experiments were conducted with single 18th century tiles from Palácio Centeno, Lisbon, Portugal. Large parts of the glaze and parts of the biscuit were lost from salt decay. The major aim of the investigation was to see if the method could offer sufficient salt removal in the biscuit and in the interface between biscuit and glaze, where salt crystals were clearly identified by SEM-EDX before desalination. The concentrations of chloride and especially nitrate were very high in the tiles (around 280 mmol Cl−/kg and 450 mmol NO 3 −/kg respectively). Both anions were successfully removed to below 6mmol/kg during the electrochemical treatment. The removal rate was similar for the two anions so the chloride concentration reached the lowest concentration level first. At this point the electric resistance increased, but the removal of nitrate continued unaffected till similar low concentration. The sulfate concentration was initially very low, but nevertheless, sulfate removal started at the point where chloride and nitrate concentrations were very low in the tiles. Investigating the interface between biscuit and glaze after the treatment showed no signs of crystallized salts, so also in this important point, the desalination was successful. Based on the obtained results an important step is taken towards development of an electrochemical technique for desalination of tile panels. Measurement of reversible rate of conservation materials based on gel cleaning approach
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Mingyuan Sun, Jiqiang Zou, Hui Zhang, Bingjian ZhangIn this work, a new hydrogel designed for water-sensitive artifacts especially for China Dunhuang mural was synthesized to remove the ineffective conservation materials on mural surface. The reversible rate of each conservation material was measured based on hydrogel cleaning. It was found that the gel filled with cleaning agents showed excellent performance over the empty gel. Besides, it was more environment-friendly without mechanical damage to the sensitive surface and easier to control the cleaning process compared with pure organic solvent cleaning. 3D microscopic system confirmed the cleaning effects both visually and quantitatively. The best “conservation material-cleaning agent” pairs and their reversible rates were obtained, which were “ParaloidB72---P-xylene + ethyl acetate---80%”, “polyvinyl acetate---P-xylene + ethyl acetate---40%”, “acrylic---P-xylene---44%”, “silicone---P-xylene + 1-Pentanol---55%”. It was also found that the reversible rates of the conservation materials declined after aging. Exploring ecological relationships in the biodeterioration patterns of Angkor temples (Cambodia) along a forest canopy gradient
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Giulia Caneva, Flavia Bartoli, Simona Ceschin, Ornella Salvadori, Yoko Futagami, Luca SalvatiVarious biological communities colonize the Khmer temples in Angkor (Cambodia), which had lain abandoned for many centuries. These biodeterioration patterns change in response to different environmental conditions, and the aim of this study is to quantify their frequency and ecological characteristics according to a forest canopy gradient. The descriptive and multivariate statistical analysis applied to data collected from the four temples in the study identifies various biological communities along with a temple-specific ecological succession. The initial pioneer community is primarily composed of a reddish biofilm of the green alga Trentepohlia sp., and it occurs in xeric and shady environmental conditions, becoming dominant in forested areas. Cyanobacteria biofilm, consisting of species belonging to the generaScytonema andGloeocapsa , sometimes in combination with the lichenEndocarpon sp., prevails in xeric and sunny conditions. With the progressive increase of the availability of edaphic water, typical of forested areas, various lichen communities are able to establish themselves (dominated byLepraria ,Pyxine coralligera andCryptothecia subnidulans respectively), followed by moss and higher plant communities. Understanding these relationships appears to be a very useful way of identifying the best microclimatic conditions for stone conservation.Preliminary digital health record of limestone walls in Al-Ziggurat, Al-Nimrud city, Iraq
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Asaad Al-Omari, Xavier Brunetaud, Kévin Beck, Muzahim Al-MukhtarThis study deals with the preliminary establishment of the so-called digital health record of an ancient monument: the Al-Ziggurat in Al-Namrud city, Iraq. This documentation tool is designed to store, organize and analyze heterogeneous data about the states of a monument around a 3D model. To promote and spread the use of this new digital technique, a low-cost and highly portable application is proposed here. The present study compares the mapping of degradation, and the mapping of the previous state of burial, stored and displayed on the 3D photomodel of Al-Ziggurat walls, in order to provide a preliminary analysis and diagnosis of the origin of stone degradations. Photogrammetric techniques appear suitable to create a primitive-based 3D model with textured surfaces for the drawing and the representation of mappings. It is concluded that gypsum pollution from the soil may trigger or enhance new degradations on the recently excavated walls through direct contact with stone or transport of dust by the wind. An immersive information system for the communication of the restoration of Simone Martini's Polyptich
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Marcello Carrozzino, Chiara Evangelista, Caterina Bay, Franco Tecchia, Dario Matteoni, Massimo BergamascoThe paper describes the multimedia museum installation realized on the occasion of the restoration of the Polyptych of Simone Martini, introducing objectives in terms of communication, fruition and documentation, presenting design and architectural solutions, and discussing the obtained results against the set objectives, demonstrating also the adaptability of the developed concept to other contexts. The use of powdered bismuth in Late Gothic painting and sculpture polychromy
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Tomáš Čechák, Tomáš Trojek, Radka Šefců, Štěpánka Chlumská, Anna Třeštíková, Marek Kotrlý, Ivana TurkováThis paper presents a material study of the altarpiece in the chapel at Křivoklát (Pürglitz) Castle called Křivoklát Ark (around 1480–1490), located in Central Bohemia, Czech Republic. The Křivoklát Altarpiece is one of the most important works of Jagiellonian courtly art in Bohemia. It is decorated with polychrome sculptures and panel paintings. An initial investigation of the gilded and silvered parts of the paintings, sculptures and architectural decor of the altarpiece was undertaken using a portable X-ray fluorescence analyser. Not only the expected metallic elements gold and silver were identified, but also bismuth. This surprising result led on to a complex study of the altarpiece, focused on the layered structure and the method by which bismuth was used the paint layers under the metal-coated areas (under the gold and silver plating). The coating technique using bismuth powder in the Late Gothic period has already been described in scientific publications. However, our paper deals with a rare technique, i.e. the use of powdered bismuth in red bole and its plating with gold and silver leaf. Several micro-samples were therefore taken from carefully selected parts of the altarpiece. Only a minimum amount of sample material was taken, due to the significance of altarpiece. The samples were then analyzed with optical and electron microscopy, EDS analysis, micro-XRF, and other methods. The quantitative element mapping on the cross-section of a micro-sample with gilding showed distributions of several elements (Bi, Au, Fe, Al, Ca); this means that the presence of bismuth grains in the red layer under the gilding leaf was proven. Interdisciplinary cooperation and a combination of microscopic and spectral methods have enabled us to describe this unique late Gothic gilding technique, in which metallic bismuth was intentionally used to affect the color scheme of the coated areas in paintings and polychrome sculptures. Complete mapping of the tattoos of the 5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Marco Samadelli, Marcello Melis, Matteo Miccoli, Eduard Egarter Vigl, Albert R. ZinkThis study documents for the first time the complete mapping of one of the world's most ancient tattoos present on a mummified human body dating back to over 5300 years ago, belonging to the so-called Iceman mummy. For this purpose, we utilised innovative non-invasive multispectral photographic imaging techniques capable of “seeing” in a range from IR to UV. An especially developed innovative software (HMI), which allows to measure and process the spectral reflectance sampled on seven bands with equidistant wavelengths for each pixel of scene acquired, has led us to identify and certify the presence of 61 tattoos divided into 19 groups in various parts of the body. The presence of the tattoos and their precise positioning on the mummy's body shall prove helpful in the future for the in-depth analysis of their relationship with recent scientifically acquired knowledge, to help determine the real function of tattooing in prehistoric times. Biological colonization and biodeterioration of architectural ceramic materials: An overview
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:September–October 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 5
Author(s): Mathilda L. Coutinho, Ana Z. Miller, Maria F. MacedoThis work presents the first review on biodiversity, biodeterioration and bioreceptivity of architectural ceramics. Literature dating from 1972 to 2014 was compiled and analysed in order to summarise the current knowledge and to facilitate a better understanding of the subject. Data regarding biodiversity found on architectural ceramic materials was described for three typologies: bricks, roofing tiles and glazed wall tiles. A vast biodiversity has been identified on these ceramic materials, from bacteria to more complex organisms, such as plants. Bricks were the most studied substrate, while literature on glazed wall tiles was scarce. The highest biodiversity was found on bricks, may be due to the fact that this was the most studied typology. Several works regarding the colonization of ceramic roofing tiles by lichens were found in the literature, which led us to realise that this is a topic that arouses the attention of several researchers. Photoautotrophic microorganisms found on glaze wall tiles represented a considerable biodiversity in this ceramic typology, with many genera in common with those identified on bricks and roofing tiles. Nevertheless, in the searched literature, different methods had been used to identify and characterize the organisms. This made the comparison of the global biodiversity found on these substrates difficult. Architectural ceramic materials exposed to outdoor conditions are often affected by biodeterioration. This worldwide problem can cause aesthetical, physical and chemical damages on ceramic materials. The distinct biodeterioration processes occurring on the different substrates found on architectural ceramic materials are explained in detail. The relationship between the ceramic intrinsic properties and bioreceptivity was discussed. Porosity and surface roughness seemed to play a major role in bioreceptivity to colonization. Ceramic microstructure has a strong influence on the resistance to biodeterioration. Finally, the authors come to the conclusion that there are many gaps in the knowledge, especially concerning glazed ceramics, and thus, further research was proposed. An interdisciplinary investigation on Daoist Wushi (五石, five minerals) unearthed from three tombs dated to the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25–220) in Xianyang City, China
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 28 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Xiaoqi Wang, Weipeng Liu, Gaowen Xie, Mengqun Zhang, Shaochun DongDaoist wushi (五石,five minerals ) have been uncovered from archaeological sites in different regions in China and this has generated great interest amongst archaeologists, historians and Daoists. This paper presents an interdisciplinary study concerning groups ofwushi found in three tombs dated to the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25–220), located inXianyang city, Shaanxi province. The research analyzeswushi and discusses their identifications by using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction for the first time. The results indicated the presence of azurite, cinnabar, calcite, orpiment, realgar, magnetite, fluorite, crystal quartz, and sulfur, which is much more diverse than the conventional opinions ofwushi held by historians and archaeologists in terms of Daoist literature. Meanwhile, it reveals that different minerals sometimes use the same name but without uniformity in their identification, which proves the uncertainty to distinguishwushi only by deciphering the archaeological inscriptions. In addition, the observation ofwushi shows that their orientations in the tomb are not completely in accordance with the Five Phases theory derived from Daoism.Silica nanoparticles (SiO2): Influence of relative humidity in stone consolidation
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 28 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Ainara Zornoza-Indart, Paula Lopez-ArceThe influence of relative humidity (RH) has been determined in SiO 2 colloidal nanoparticles, to study their efficacy as a consolidating product by means of the physical changes in the hydric and mechanical properties produced in a siliceous-carbonate stone from a historic building (XVI century) with signs of degradation. Therefore, diverse analytical techniques have been used for the product characterization (TEM-EDS, ESEM-EDS, XRD, DTA-TG, spectrophotometry) together with micro-destructive (SEM, microdrilling resistance) and non-destructive petrophysical tests (hydric tests, ultrasonic velocity, adhesion and microhardness tests) for the characterization of the stone. The precursor water colloidal nanosilica, when is initially exposed to high RH environments, forms agglomerated spherical nanoparticles of amorphous silica, that holds a higher amount of adsorbed water and lower amount of silanol groups on the surface, compared to samples exposed to lower RH. This final product behaves in a similar way than a silica gel, when is exposed once again to lower and higher RH, as a reversible hydration–dehydration process of adsorbed water. Related to the efficacy as a consolidant, the results show differences both, in surface changes, decreasing the amount of released material from the substrate and increasing its surface hardness, as in the interior of the porous structure, increasing absorption and desorption water capillarity rates, ultrasonic velocities and drilling resistance, showing high efficiency and less adverse aspects at lower RH. However, this effect and the possible decay caused by repeated cycles of hydration–dehydration of the silica gel inside the porous of the stone should be assessed in order to determine its durability.The medieval roots of modern scientific thought. A Fibonacci abacus on the facade of the church of San Nicola in Pisa
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 25 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Pietro ArmientiA marble intarsia on the main entrance of the church of San Nicola in Pisa provides the opportunity to appreciate the level of cultural excellence achieved by the Maritime Republic at the height of its power during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The intarsia reveals the direct influence of the great Pisan mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci due to the presence of circles whose radii represent the first nine elements of the Fibonacci's sequence and which were arranged to depict some properties of the sequence. Moreover, the tiles can be used as an abacus to draw sequences of regular polygons inscribed in a circle of given radius. This construction is a novelty that has resurfaced after eight hundred years of neglect and its implications, in themselves, are worthy of special examination. The presence of so many symbolic references makes the intarsia an icon of medieval philosophical thought and reveals aspects that pave the way to modern scientific thought. Strontium carbonate nanoparticles for the surface treatment of problematic sulfur and iron in waterlogged archaeological wood
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 19 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Eleanor J. Schofield, Ritimukta Sarangi, Apurva Mehta, A. Mark Jones, Andrew Smith, J. Frederick W. Mosselmans, Alan V. ChadwickStabilising waterlogged archaeological wooden artefacts for display presents a challenge for conservators and scientists. Sulfur compounds, incorporated into the wood prior to excavation, can lead to acid formation when exposed to oxygen, and in the presence of iron ions. Strontium carbonate nanoparticles have recently been shown to reduce the production of acid formation at the root by reacting with inorganic sulfur-containing compounds. Here, we show the feasibility of using this treatment on small samples where consolidating treatments have already been performed. It is found that PEG 200 does not prevent the reactivity of the nanoparticles with the sulfur compounds present in the artefacts. A surface brushing application method was found to be successful whilst retaining the visual integrity. In addition, it was found that this technique results in the leaching of iron from the surface layers, preventing future build up of acid catalysed by iron compounds. Diagnostics of wall paintings: A smart and reliable approach
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 17 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Stefano Sfarra, Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo, Mariagrazia Tortora, Lorenzo Arrizza, Giorgio Cerichelli, Iole Nardi, Xavier MaldagueThe object of the work is a character of the Madonna con Bambino (XIII–XV century) mural painting (Fontecchio – L’Aquila, Italy). It was analyzed by different nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques: electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), ultraviolet (UV) imaging and infrared vision. In addition, three micro-samplings were collected on suspected areas after examination of the signal strength variations over the raw thermograms. On the latter, the images’ quality was enhanced by applying advanced processing techniques. Micro-samplings were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and μ-Raman spectroscopy. Splitting, subsurface cracks and under-/over-paintings were detected by this integrated method.A comparative study of cleaning methods for tarnished silver
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 17 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Teresa Palomar, Blanca Ramírez Barat, Emma García, Emilio CanoTarnishing is produced by reaction of silver with gaseous reduced sulphur compounds from atmospheric pollution. It induces the formation of Ag 2 S crystals which produce a dark appearance. To remove sulphur tarnishing, different mechanical, chemical and electrochemical methods have been traditionally used. To assess the effect of different cleaning treatments on tarnished silver, coupons of pure and sterling silver (92% Ag/8% Cu) were subjected to six cycles of induced tarnishing and cleaning. The cleaning methods evaluated were mechanical (soft abrasives and rubber point mounted on a rotary tool); chemical (chelating and acid solutions) and electrochemical (potentiostatic reductions). Surface morphology, composition, weight, color and luminosity were evaluated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and colorimetry. The cleaning impact on tarnished silver depended on the cleaning procedure and the composition of silver. Mechanical treatments restored the original visual appearance of silver although they produced a significant mass loss and a fast re-tarnishing. Chemical cleaning methods were fast; nevertheless the surface appeared completely attacked. Electrochemical cleaning did not yield good result for sterling silver, but was an effective cleaning method for pure silver coupons.Statistical analysis of engraving traces on a 3D digital model of prehistoric stone stelae
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 15 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Ferdinand Deger, Alamin Mansouri, Philippe Curdy, Marius Pedersen, Jon Y. Hardeberg, Yvon VoisinStudying cultural heritage artefacts, using 3D digital models, is gaining interest. It not only allows applications in documentation and visualisation, but also permits further contact-less examination. In this paper, we are presenting a statistical analysis of stone engravings based on features that were semi-automatically extracted from 3D acquisition data. Our objects of study are two Neolithic stone stelae and a faithful replica that was created in the course of an archaeological study. We use common statistical methods and investigate the populations of depth and diameter of the engraving traces, as well as their correlation. We observe that the erosion of the two prehistoric stelae results in a larger dispersion of the diameter distribution, as well as in a similarity of a linear regression model. Furthermore, we note a similar median in the height and depth distribution between the replica and only one of the prehistoric stela. This finding supports an archaeological hypothesis regarding the presumed engraving tools. A thermophysical study on the freeze drying of wooden archaeological artifacts
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 12 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Zhang Shaozhi, Peng Yu, Liu Dongpo, Zheng Youming, Chen Guangming, Lu HengThe protection of unearthed waterlogged archaeological artifacts is a heavy task when large-scale construction is carried out in today's China. Freeze drying offers an efficient way for preserving wooden artifacts. In order to rationally design the freeze drying process, thermophysical studies were carried out in this paper. The measurements of water vapor diffusion coefficient and thermal conductivity were made. The impacts of cooling velocity and grain orientation on effective diffusion coefficient of water vapor, D, in dried wood were investigated. At low cooling velocity, 0.2 K/min, D was (4.8 ± 0.4) × 10−4 m2/s in parallel grain direction, or (1.9 ± 0.4) × 10−4 m2/s in perpendicular grain direction; at higher cooling velocity, 3.0 K/min, D was (4.3 ± 0.2) × 10−4 m2/s in parallel grain direction, or (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10−4 m2/s in perpendicular grain direction. The thermal conductivity of the dried sample was in the range of 0.78–1.06 W/(m·K). With the values attained, one-dimensional pseudo-steady analysis were made for the primary drying process of a cylinder and a flat slab. It was found that the process was mass-transfer controlled and the difference between surface temperature and sublimation temperature was very limited. Thus only mass transfer equation needed to be solved with assumption of constant sublimation temperature. The primary drying of a two-dimensional object was also simulated to predict the time required. Monitoring the surface temperature of each artifact and handling artifacts with similar drying time in a batch are proposed for the freeze drying of archaeological artifacts. The freeze-dried wooden artifacts by the authors yielded very small deformations. Towards the definition of best 3D practices in archaeology: Assessing 3D documentation techniques for intra-site data recording
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 12 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Fabrizio GaleazziArchaeology is becoming increasingly ‘digital’. In the last 10 years, the use of 3D technologies for the documentation of tangible cultural heritage has changed the way to approach archaeological intra-site survey. These technologies allow for the reproduction of 3D replicas of sites and monuments and have proven to be a powerful tool for the documentation and preservation of the archaeological record. However, the full integration of 3D technologies in archaeological field methods requires the definition of best documentation practices and methods of accurate assessment of the acquired data. In fact, although the use of 3D laser scanners, computer vision and photogrammetric methods is now well established, there are no convincing quantitative comparisons between laser scanning and image-based modelling techniques for the acquisition of archaeological stratigraphy in extreme environmental and lighting conditions. In this sense the 3D documentation of the archaeological site of Las Cuevas, Belize, represented an important opportunity to test and compare phase shift variation laser scanning and image-based modelling techniques in an environment characterized by very high humidity and variability in lighting. This study compared both the accuracy and density reliability of 3D models showing how the different 3D documentation techniques can be integrated for the recording of the excavation process. The research presented in this paper provides an accurate data assessment representing a concrete starting point for the definition of a sharable and overall methodology that will help to define best 3D practices for the documentation of archaeological sites. Investigation on the interaction between the outdoor environment and the indoor microclimate of a historical library
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 11 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Massimo Andretta, Floriana Coppola, Leonardo SecciaIn recent years, the study of the indoor microclimate has assumed increasing importance, both in relation to the health of people living in confined environments for a considerable part of their time, both for the problems associated with the conservation of works of art and cultural heritage housed in museums, galleries and libraries. In this paper, we present the results of a measurement campaign carried out in two periods of the year, which can be considered “extreme” from the meteo-climatic point of view, in the Classense Library located in the city of Ravenna (Italy). This is a famous Italian historical library that houses many books of great value. The campaigns took place one in the summer period (from July 22nd to August 6th 2014) and another one in winter (from 15th December to 30th December 2014). During these measurements campaigns, we have characterized different and heterogeneous indoor environments. The internal pollutants concentrations and thermo-hygrometric data have been compared with the external ones, obtained from nearby measuring points. In this way, we have been able to determine the Indoor/Outdoor ratio (I/O ratio) of the pollutants concentrations. From these data and from the estimated air exchange rate, the pollutants deposition velocities have been calculated, too. The building has no air conditioning systems and our experimental data show that it is characterized by a relatively low rate of air exchange and a high thermal inertia. We have also compared the analysed microclimatic data with the specific values recommended by different norms and standards, in order to verify the conditions of preservation of the precious texts. Finally, we have applied a mathematical model to study the indoor pollutants concentrations, in order to confirm that the correlations between the outdoor and the indoor pollutants levels can be explained in terms of the building characteristics. The results of the model application fit well the experimental data and the consequent theoretical estimates made in this work; in fact, they are consistent with very low values of air exchange ratio of the building. These results can be used to define a specific “Performance Index” (PI) of the building, expressed as the percentage of time in which the microclimatic parameters of the library (i.e. the thermo-hygrometric values) do not match the recommended values. Furthermore, they can also provide a first step, based on experimental data, for the development, in close collaboration with the conservation scientists, of a methodology for risk assessment, specifically to be used for cultural heritage housed in museums, galleries and archives. An experimental study on earth plasters for earthen building protection: The effects of different admixtures and surface treatments
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 10 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Francesca Stazi, Andrea Nacci, Francesca Tittarelli, Erio Pasqualini, Placido MunafòIn rainy climates, the external surfaces of earthen buildings suffer water erosion. In this paper, the properties of earth plasters have been investigated considering the specific relationship with the underlying substrate. Ten typologies of earth plasters containing different admixtures and surface treatments, a cob wall and a rammed earth wall were produced in laboratory. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of the coatings in protecting the earthen walls against weathering. An in situ procedure consisting of a shrinkage test followed by an adhesion strength test was performed in order to identify the earth/sand ratio optimal for the plaster manufacturing. Then, a series of tests was carried out both on the plasters and the two walls: compression, water vapor permeability, surface color, wettability, water absorption and erosion. The results demonstrate that all the plasters are physically and mechanically compatible with the earthen substrates and that the most important differences are in the specific relationship with water. The earth plaster treated with the silane–siloxane product was found to be the best one: it is fully compatible, water-repellent and highly resistant to water erosion. Hence, there is a potential for the use of earth plasters for the protection of earthen buildings against weathering. An integrated approach to the conservation of a wooden sculpture representing Saint Joseph by the workshop of Ignaz Günther (1727–1775): Analysis, laser cleaning and 3D documentation
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 10 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Claudia Pelosi, Luca Calienno, Davide Fodaro, Ernesto Borrelli, Angelo Raffaele Rubino, Livia Sforzini, Angela Lo MonacoThis paper reports the conservation procedure applied to a wooden sculpture representing Saint Joseph attributed to the workshop of Ignaz Günther (1727–1775). The component material of the wooden sculpture was identified by observing the thin sections under an optical microscope; the materials layered on the surface were analyzed by optical microscopy, micro-Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The laser cleaning tests were carried out with a Q-switched Nd:YAG system. The surface was examined before and after the cleaning with the aid of a video-microscope, reflectance spectrophotometer and scanning electron microscopy. The steps of the work were documented on a digital tri-dimensional model of the sculpture created by a close range image system in order to carefully register scientific, technical, conservative, and material aspects. The microscopic observation of wood thin sections allows identifying it as lime tree. The analysis of the surface materials highlighted the presence of lead white applied by a siccative oil and barium sulphate. The infrared spectroscopic analysis of the brown surface layer revealed the presence of shellac. The laser cleaning proved an effective method to remove the surface dirt and to reduce the aged protective layer without affecting negatively the wood. The diagnostic analysis carried out prior and during the cleaning process was fundamental to verify the applicability of the laser to the wood surface in order to obtain an efficient cleaning action without secondary damaging effects. In addition, considering the reduced number of laser cleaning examples applied to wooden material available in literature, the documentation of the adopted working process could be a useful reference for the divulgation and sharing of the obtained data.Noninvasive analyses of low-contrast images on ancient textiles: The case of the Shroud of Arquata
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 10 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Paolo Di Lazzaro, Massimiliano Guarneri, Daniele Murra, Valeria Spizzichino, Alessandro Danielis, Arianna Mencattini, Veronica Piraccini, Mauro MissoriWe present the results of the first in-depth measurements of the linen cloth of the shroud of Arquata, a precious copy of the Shroud of Turin, which dates back to 1653. The measurements aimed at finding the nature of the faint and low-contrast body impressions on the linen cloth, which are not produced by drawings or paintings as in the other copies of the Shroud of Turin. In general, the optical analysis and the imaging of low-contrast stains on ancient textiles is a complex task, due to the irregular surface and the influence of spectrum, position and uniformity of the illuminating source on colour accuracy and rendition. A correct evaluation requires a multidisciplinary approach. We used noninvasive technologies, including imaging topological radar, laser induced fluorescence, absolute diffused reflectance and absorption spectra, which were previously used to study frescoes, paintings, antique papers, but were never exploited on ancient textiles. The combined results of our measurements and data elaboration allowed identifying the origins of the body impressions, of the stains simulating blood and of the other marks embedded on the linen cloth. Our results can be used to plan the proper long-term conservation of the linen cloth and of marks on it. Recovery of the aerial photographs of Ethiopia in the 1930s
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 8 August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Jan Nyssen, Gordon Petrie, Sultan Mohamed, Gezahegne Gebremeskel, Valérie Seghers, Martijn Debever, Kiros Meles Hadgu, Cornelis Stal, Paolo Billi, Philippe Demaeyer, Mitiku Haile, Amaury FranklThe aerial photographs (APs) acquired by the Istituto Geografico Militare (IGM) in the period of the Italian occupation of Ethiopia (1935–1941) have recently been discovered, scanned and organised. Until recently, the oldest APs of the country that were available had been taken in the period 1958–1964. The APs over Ethiopia in 1935–1941 consist of 8281 assemblages on approximately 50 cm × 20 cm hardboard tiles, each holding a label, one nadir-pointing photograph flanked by two low-oblique photographs and one high-oblique photograph. The four APs were exposed simultaneously and were taken across the flight line. The high-oblique photograph is presented alternatively at left and at right. There is approximately 60% overlap between subsequent sets of APs. One of Santoni's glass plate multi-cameras was used, with focal length of 178 mm and with a flight height of 4000–4500 m a.s.l., which resulted in an approximate scale of 1:11,500 for the central photograph and 1:16,000 to 1:18,000 for the low-oblique APs. The surveyors oriented themselves with maps of Ethiopia at 1:400,000 scale, compiled in 1934. The flights present a dense AP coverage of Northern Ethiopia, where they were acquired in the context of upcoming battles with the Ethiopian army. Several flights preceded the later advance of the Italian army southwards to the capital Addis Ababa. Further flights took place in central Ethiopia for civilian purposes. As of 1936, the APs were used to prepare topographic maps at 1:100,000 and 1:50,000 scales. To re-process the imagery using novel techniques, procedures using digital image-based modelling have been developed. The 1935-1941 APs together with those of 1958–1964, 1994 and recent high-resolution satellite imagery are currently being used in spatio-temporal analysis, including change studies of land cover, land management and geomorphology in Ethiopia over a time span of 80 years. High-resolution geomatic and geophysical techniques integrated with chemical analyses for the characterization of a Roman wall
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 20 July 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Peppe J. V. D’Aranno, Giorgio De Donno, Maria Marsella, Luciana Orlando, Beatrice Renzi, Silvia Salviani, Maria Laura Santarelli, Silvia Scifoni, Alberico Sonnessa, Francesca Verri, Rita VolpeThe aim of this work is the characterization of an ancient Roman wall through high-resolution geomatic and geophysical methods. Chemical analyses were performed in order to better identify the constitutive material. The archaeological wall of pre-Trajan age, discovered in 2011, is decorated with mosaics and located in a subterranean gallery below the Trajan's Baths on the Oppian hill (Rome historical centre). The dataset was collected using a 3D high-resolution laser scanner for the reconstruction and analysis of the skin wall, a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to investigate the inner core of the wall and chemical analyses to characterize the composition of plaster and mosaics. The joint interpretation of data collected with different methodologies demonstrates the capability of the proposed method to characterize the wall in terms of constructive materials and to detect fractures and discontinuities between materials. A classification of the intensity parameter was performed starting with a visual analysis of the textured model built from laser scanner data before comparing it with the georadar results and the chemical analyses of the constitutive elements of the wall. Fractures and discontinuities partially visible on the surface of the structure and present in the inner part were mapped combining laser scanner and georadar data. The obtained results show that the integrated interpretation of the proposed techniques can provide important information about composition, geometry of the wall, correlation between physical and mechanical parameters and an extensive mapping of fractures and anomalies embedded within the wall. A multi-analytical approach for determining the origin of the marbles in Temple-A from Laodicea ad Lycum (Denizli-Western Anatolia, Turkey)
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 9 July 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Tamer Koralay, Sanem KılınçarslanLaodicea ad Lycum is the major and most important Hellenistic city in the Lycos Valley. The ancient city is located at 6km northeast of Denizli and the most contemporary and significant archaeological site in southwestern Turkey. A large marble temple complex, which is simply named Temple-A, is a remarkable structure. The marbles of Temple-A can be classified into four groups, based on color, crystal size, crystal boundaries and foliation status. These groups are identified as (i) lilac-purple-veined, (ii) white, (iii) gray-veined and (iv) gray-blackish marbles. Microscopically, the lilac-purple veined, gray-veined and gray-blackish marbles display heteroblastic mosaic texture, and the white marbles display a homoeoblastic polygonal texture. The marble groups chiefly consist of calcite + dolomite ± augite (lilac-purple veined), calcite (white), calcite + dolomite ± quartz ± muscovite ± opaque minerals (gray-veined) and calcite ± quartz ± pyroxene ± zircon (gray-blackish). The minero-petrographic, geochemical and C–O stable isotope results reveal that most of the marbles sampled Temple-A at Laodicea share the same characteristics and composition of the marbles exploited in the ancient quarries of Hierapolis and Domuzderesi. Scientific methods for philological scholarship: Pigment and paper analyses in the field of manuscriptology
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:Available online 7 July 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage
Author(s): Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst, Michael Friedrich, Oliver Hahn, Agnieszka Helman-Ważny, Renate Nöller, Simone-Christiane RaschmannIn this paper, members of three research teams, namely the Turfan Project of the Berlin Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, the Berlin-based research project on pigments in Central Asian paper manuscripts, and the Hamburg-based project on the history and typology of Central Asian paper manuscripts, present some of the results of their cooperation. The investigated manuscripts belong to the Berlin Turfan Collection. On the basis of different examples the contribution of scientific methods to philological scholarship within a multidisciplinary approach is demonstrated. Editorial board
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:July–August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 4Influence of manufacturing parameters on the crackling process of ancient Chinese glazed ceramics
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:July–August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 4
Author(s): Sophia Lahlil, Jiming Xu, Weidong LiGuan and Ge wares, produced during the Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD), hold a very special position in Chinese ceramic history because of their aesthetical qualities with a prominent crackle as their only decorative feature. The aim of this inter-disciplinary research is to understand the formation of crack patterns in ancient Chinese glazed ceramics in order to gain knowledge on the manufacturing process. We propose a new approach based on a time-scale investigation of the crackling process and of the cracks morphology obtained on glazed ceramic model systems synthesized under controlled conditions. In order to establish a link between macroscopic and microscopic properties, EDXRF, XRD and SEM-EDX analyses have been performed. Our results show that the relative glaze-body thickness and the firing temperature and atmosphere are key factors to control the crack patterns morphology. Passive control of microclimate in museum display cases: A lumped parameter model and experimental tests
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:July–August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 4
Author(s): Francesco Romano, Luigi P.M. Colombo, Mirco Gaudenzi, Cesare M. Joppolo, Luigi P. RomanoInappropriate values, large and fast variations of air humidity and temperature could enhance the risks of damages to works of art and to cultural materials hosted in museums. The use of showcases as a microclimate control tool is widely accepted and ever increasing. The microclimate control of the air inside display cases relies on passive means (air-tightness, thermal insulation and inertia, adsorption capacity) or on active means (equipment to heat, cool, humidify, dehumidify the air). This paper only deals with passive type display cases. The aim has been the development and the validation of a lumped parameters model, able to simulate the air temperature and humidity behaviors inside a showcase under different conditions of the museum indoor air. The simulation model allows explicit consideration of the impact (on internal temperature and humidity) of the display case design features, such as size, material properties, air-tightness, etc., and of some other possible passive temperature and/or humidity control systems (added thermal capacity and water vapor adsorption capacity). A re-configurable freestanding showcase has been experimentally tested in a climatic test chamber under different conditions of temperature and humidity. The simulated showcase internal conditions agree well with the experimental ones. Hence, the model may be regarded as a useful simulation tool for new showcase design optimization, operation and maintenance, as well as for assessment of existing ones. Modelling of heat and moisture induced strain to assess the impact of present and historical indoor climate conditions on mechanical degradation of a wooden cabinet
2015-09-22 14:53:35 PM
Publication date:July–August 2015
Source:Journal of Cultural Heritage, Volume 16, Issue 4
Author(s): Zara Huijbregts, Henk Schellen, Jos van Schijndel, Bart AnkersmitTo assess the risk of present and future indoor climate conditions within historic buildings on mechanical degradation of wooden art objects, it is of high importance to know the climate variations that these objects might have been exposed to in the past. Historical indoor climate data can indicate climate variations that may have caused damage to objects. Avoiding these variations in the present and future may prevent new or further degradation. However, historical indoor climate data conditions are often not available and cannot be derived from recent indoor climate data as many historic buildings nowadays have climate control systems. In this study, multi-zone hygrothermal building simulation is applied to reconstruct the historical indoor climate in a 17th-century Dutch castle based on meteorological data, building properties, and user behaviour. Furthermore, a finite element model is created to analyse heat and moisture induced strain of a historic wooden cabinet. This cabinet has been located in the castle since the 18th century and shows damage caused by movement of the wood in response to climate variations. Mechanical degradation of the cabinet could have occurred when the strain exceeded the yield strain for safe, reversible deformation. The results show that combining a hygrothermal building simulation model and a finite element model can generate an adequate prediction of the microclimate around an object; though obtaining accurate data on hygroscopic and mechanical material properties can be difficult. Although the cabinet has experienced considerable tension after a conservation heating system was installed in the castle during a recent major renovation, the predicted strain was within the limits for safe, reversible deformation. This corresponds to the observation that no further damage occurred after the renovation. Damage may not be caused by the regular present or historical indoor climate in the castle, but could be indicated if the long-term average moisture content of the wood significantly deviates from the room conditions or if the vapour concentration in the room increases because of a flooding event.
Τρίτη 22 Σεπτεμβρίου 2015
Cultural Heritage
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